In October 2010 we completed genetic testing to determine our mtDNA haplogroup.  Our mtDNA type is H which is shared by all females related to Louise Liffengren Hullinger in the female line and by their male children.  All of Louise's relatives in the female line and their male children will have an identical or very similar H Haplogroup.

Current DNA theory posits that all people are descended from one woman - Eve. This woman lived in Africa many thousands of years ago.  


Each woman passes on her mtDNA to her children.  Each one of her daughters pass on this mtDNA to her children. Men do not pass their mtDNA on to their children.

Over time there are small changes to the mtDNA. These divisions enable us to follow the migrations of different groups of individuals by their mtDNA. 

The mtDNA haplogroups evolved into seven founding female mtDNA lineages in Europe. H is one of those founding lineages. Brian Sykes is a genetist and author who dramatizes the journey by giving the haplogroup a name - in our case H = Helena.

  

Helena

"Helena, or haplogroup H, was formed by genetic mutations beginning 20,000 years ago. The Glacial Maximum pushed these new Europeans south and up against the Alps and Pyrenees. Her clan may have known the cave paintings at Dordogne in France. This was the most successful clan and 47 percent of modern Europeans are descended from them."

Each woman in our female line shares the H – Helena mtDNA Haplogroup.

Her mother before her shared the H Haplogroup.

Each woman passes on this H Haplogroup to all of her children.

Each one of her daughters passes on the H Haplogroup to all of her children.

Our Female Line Geneaology - From Norway

Keri Hopperstad ?

Anna Hagen 1815-1909

Sigrid Undi Espeseth 1842-1922 b Vik Sogn, Norway

Ida Caroline Kaasa Anderson 1877-1957  

Edna Sophia Anderson Liffengren 1901-1979

Louise Liffengren Hullinger

Ida Liffengren Jensen

Opal Liffengren Cartney


All their maternal ancestors and their children and the children of their daughters.