References






References






http://johnhullinger.blogspot.com

http://pearlhullinger.blogspot.com/

http://clifhullinger.blogspot.com

http://chullinger.blogspot.com

http://hullinger.blogspot.com

http://danielhullinger.blogspot.com

http://christianhollinger.blogspot.com/

http://henriholiger.blogspot.com/

http://louisehullinger.blogspot.com/

http://hullingerheritage.blogspot.com

http://hullingerwwii.blogspot.com

http://109thengineers34thdivision.blogspot.com

http://hullingermarine.blogspot.com/

http://www.genealogy.com/users/h/u/l/Clifford-H-Hullinger

http://www.genealogy.com/users/h/u/l/Craig-H-Hullinger

http://www.genealogy.com/users/h/u/l/Scott-H-Hullinger

http://hullingerhomesteads.blogspot.com/

http://hullingergenealogy.blogspot.com

http://www.genealogy.com/users/h/u/l/C-Hullinger/?Welcome=1041099230

http://hullingercoatofarms.blogspot.com

http://brethullinger.blogspot.com

http://nortonfamily.net/hullinger.htm

http://videohullinger.blogspot.com/

Haplogroup H (mtDNA)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Haplogroup H
Possible time of origin25,000-30,000 YBP
Possible place of originSouthwest Asia/Middle East [1]
AncestorHV[1]
DescendantsH1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, H7, H8, H9, H10, H11, H12, H13, H14, H15, H16, H17, H18, H19, H20, H21, H25
Defining mutationsA2706A, C7028C[2]
In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup H is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup that originated in Southwest Asia/Middle East[1] 25,000-30,000 YBP.

Contents

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Origin

Haplogroup H is a descendant of haplogroup HV. The Cambridge Reference Sequence (CRS), the human mitochondrial sequence to which all other sequences are compared, belongs to haplogroup H. Several independent studies conclude that haplogroup H probably evolved in West Asia c. 30,000 years ago having arrived in Europe c. 20-25,000 years ago, spreading rapidly to the southwest of the continent.[3][4] This would make its arrival roughly contemporary with Gravettian culture. They are also coincident in that the spread of subclades H1, H3 and the sister haplogroup V reflect a second intra-European expansion from the Franco-Cantabrian region after the last glacial maximum, c. 13,000 years ago.[1][3]
In July 2008, it was published that the ancient mtDNA from an individual called Paglicci 23 whose remains were dated to 28,000 years ago and excavated from Paglicci Cave (Apulia,Italy) had been found to be identical to the Cambridge Reference Sequence in HVR1. The haplotype was different from all persons that had handled the Paglicci 23 remains since their discovery.[5]

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Distribution

Haplogroup H is the most common mtDNA haplogroup in Europe.[6] About one half of Europeans are of mtDNA haplogroup H. The haplogroup is also common in North Africa and theMiddle East.[7] The majority of the European populations have an overall haplogroup H frequency of 40%–50%. Frequencies decrease in the southeast of the continent, reaching 20% in the Near East and Caucasus, 17% in Iran, and <10% in the Persian Gulf, Northern India and Central Asia.[1][8]
Among all these clades, the subhaplogroups H1 and H3 have been subject to a more detailed study and would be associated to the Magdalenian expansion from SW Europe c. 13,000 years ago:[3]
Subhaplogroup H1 encompasses an important fraction of Western European mtDNA, reaching its peak among Basques (27.8%) and being also very important among other Iberians,North Africans and Sardinians. It is above 10% in many other parts of Europe (France, British islands, Alps, large portions of Eastern Europe) and above 5% in nearly all the continent.[1]Its subclade H1b is most common in Eastern Europe and NW Siberia.[9]
Subhaplogroup H3 represents a smaller fraction of European genome than H1 but has a somewhat similar distribution with peak among Basques (13.9%), Galicians (8.3%) and Sardinians (8.5%). Its importance decreases towards the northeast of the continent though.[1] Studies have suggested haplogroup H3 is highly protective against AIDS progression.[10]
The remaining subclades are much less frequent:
Subhaplogroup H5
Main article: Haplogroup H5 (mtDNA)
H5 may have evolved in West Asia, where it is most frequent and diverse in the Western Caucasus, but its subclade H5a has a stronger representation in Europe, though at low levels.[11]
Subhaplogroups H2, H6 and H8 are somewhat common in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus.[3] They may be the most common H subclades among Central Asians and have also been found in West Asia.[9] H2a5 has been found only in Basque Country, Spain.[12]
Subhaplogroups H4, H7 and H13 are present in both Europe and West Asia, the latter being also found in the Caucasus. They are quite rare.[3] H4 is often found in Iberia.[12]
Subhaplogroup H11 is commonly found in Central Europe.[12]
Subhaplogroups H18 occurs on the Arabian Peninsula. [13]
Subhaplogroups H20 and H21 are both found in the Caucasus region.[14] H20 also appears at low levels in the Iberian Peninsula (less than 1%), Arabian Peninsula (1%) and Near East (2%).[13]

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Subclades

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Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup H subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[2] and subsequent published research.

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Popular culture

In his popular book The Seven Daughters of Eve, Bryan Sykes named the originator of this mtDNA haplogroup Helena. Stephen Oppenheimer uses the very similar name Helina in his book Origins of the British.